初三英语被动语态的用法及构成

人教新目标版 初三 Unit3
标题：Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes
（一）被动语态的构成
1．被动语态的基本结构：be＋动词过去分词
2．各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词do为例)

一般现在时
do/ does
am/ is/ are＋done
We clean the classroom.
The classroom is cleaned by us.

一般过去时
did
was/ were＋done
He made the kite.
The kite was made by him.

现在进行时
am/ is/are＋doing
am/ is/ are＋being done
She is watering flowers.
Flowers are being watered by her.

现在完成时
have/has＋done
have/ has＋been done
Jim has finished the work.
The work has been finished by Jim.

一般将来时
will/ shall/ be going to ＋do
will/ shall/ be going to＋be done
They will plant trees tomorrow.
Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

过去进行时
was/ were＋doing
was/ were＋being＋done
She was writing a letter this time yesterday.
A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.

过去完成时
had＋done
had＋been＋done
Jim had finished the work.
The work had been finished by Jim.

过去将来时
would/ should/ be going to＋do
would/should/ be going to＋do
He said he would made a kite.
He said a kite would be made by him.

含有情态动词
can/ may/ must＋do
can/may/must＋be＋done
I can find him.
He can be found by me.
（二）被动语态的用法
被动语态中主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况
1．不知道动作的执行者是谁。
e.g.This watch is made in China.
这块手表是在中国制造的。
2．没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。
e.g.More trees must be planted every year.
每年必须有更多的树被种植。
3．需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。
e.g.Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.
世界上越来越多的人说汉语(强调汉语的使用广泛)。
4．动作的发出者不是人时。
e.g.Many houses were washed away in the flood.
很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。
（三）主动语态和被动语态的转换
1．主动语态变被动语态：
（1）要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变主格。
（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变宾格，并由by引导。
（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。

e.g.We asked him to sing an English song.
我们让他唱一首英语歌。
He was asked to sing an English song by us.
他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。
2．带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态
谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可接直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。
e.g.She gave me a book. (变为被动语态)→
I was given a book. (间接宾语me改为主语)
A book was given to me. (育接宾语a book改为主语)
3．短语动词变为被动语态
许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。注意：短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。
e.g.We should speak to old men politely. (变为被动语态)→
Old men should be spoken to politely. (to不可省略)
4．带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态
宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。
e.g.I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)→
Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.
5．被动语态后动词形式的选择
主动句中在感官动词see、hear、watch、feel、notice等使役动词, 也称为感官动词，let、make、here等动词后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。
e.g.He makes the girl stay at home.(改为被动结构)→
The girl is made to stay at home.
Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(改为同义句)→
They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday.
四句话：①主语变成宾语；
②宾语变成主语；
③动词一分为二；
④时态体现在be动词上。
（四）被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式
1．主动结构表被动意义
（1）open、lock、write、read、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。
e.g.This kind of pen writes very smoothly.
这种笔写起来很流畅。
This kind of shirt sells well here.
这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。
（2）look、sound、taste、smell等系动词主动结构表被动意义。
e.g.Uniforms look ugly on us.
我们穿着制服很难看。
Mooncakes taste delicious.
月饼吃起来很好。
（3）be worth doing中，doing表被动意义。
e.g.This book is worth reading.
这本书值得一读。
（4）want/ need/ require＋doing相当于want/ need/ require＋to be done。to be done表不定式的被动结构。
e.g.My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.
我的自行车需要修理。
（五）不用被动语态的情况
1．主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词时，不能用于被动语态。
e.g.The man introduced himself as Mr. White. (主动语态)
那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。
Himself was introduced as Mr. White.(误)
They help each other study English. (主动语态)
他们互相帮助学习英语。
Each other is helped study English. (误)
2．当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时，不能用于被动语态。
e.g.We will have a meeting.
我们将开一个会。
3．主动语态的宾语是动词不定式或-ing形式时，不能用作被动语态的主语。
e.g.My brother enjoys watching TV
He asked to have a try.
他请求试一次。
注意：解答被动语态题目时，首先要判断主语和动作的关系，如果主语是动作的执行者，则用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态