写作形式(推荐7篇)
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2023-10-30 00:09:23
其它
其它

写作形式(1)

口试(Speaking):把TSE(Test of Spoken English)融合在新托福中。

然而与现行的TSE相比又有较大改动。这个部分共有6题,持续约20分钟。

第一、二题要求考生就某一话题阐述自己的观点。

第三、四题要求考生首先在45秒内阅读一段短文,随后短文隐去,播放一段与短文有关的对话或课堂演讲。最后,要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和播放的对话或课堂演讲回答相关问题,考生有30秒钟的准备时间,然后进行60秒钟的回答。例如,短文中描述了对学校体育馆进行扩建的两种方案,对话中一位同学阐述了自己的立场,即赞成哪种方案,反对哪种方案,并列举了若干理由。要求考生叙述对话中同学的立场并解释他/她列举了哪些理由支持这一观点。

第五、六题要求考生听一段校园情景对话或课堂演讲,然后回答相关问题。考生有20秒钟的准备时间,之后进行60秒钟的回答。例如,先播放一段市场学课堂演讲,演讲中教授列举了两种市场调查的方法,然后要求考生使用课堂演讲中的观点和例子描述教授列举出的两种市场调查的方法。

考生可以在听音过程中记笔记以帮助答题。在准备和答题时,屏幕上会显示倒计时的时钟。

写作(Writing)要求考生在1小时内完成两篇作文。

其中一篇类似于老托福的写作,要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点,字数要求为300字以上。

另一篇则要求考生首先阅读一篇文章,五分钟以后,文章隐去,播放一段与文章有关的课堂演讲。课堂演讲列举了一些论据反驳文章中的论点、论据。随后要求考生在20分钟内写一篇作文,总结课堂演讲的论点、论据,并陈述这些论点、论据是如何反驳文章的论点、论据的,字数要求为150字到225字之间。在写作时,文章会重新显示在屏幕上。这篇作文不要求考生阐述自己的观点。

加试

一般实际考试中,考生往往会在听力或阅读部分碰到加试试题,也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。加试部分不算分(有人说会算分,说是抽几题给分),但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试部分(有的时候经典加试是能判断出来的),所以应该认真对待。

考试形式

新托福考试采用真实场景,如模拟大学校园中的动态和交互式环境,试题综合考查听、说、读、写4项英语语言能力,考生可充分展示使用英语进行交流的能力。


写作形式(2)

新托福作为国外类考试之一,写作行文的地道不仅反映了考生的写作水平,更体现了考生的思维方式和能力。 托福写作不如口语那么白话文式,也不如gre类写作那么学术性强,但是这并不影响用词的表达地道。

一、言简朴实原则

所谓“言简朴实原则”,就是行文不啰嗦,句子应越短越好,如果一个字能说清楚的,就不要用两个字。

例如:At this point in time,we should pull together for our 现在我们应该为我们的目标团结一致。

这句话中“At this point in time”表示“现在”,我们完全可以用now来代替。

In the majority of cases,he likes to ride bike to the 他通常喜欢骑单车到办公室。

很简单的一句话,完全可以写成 He usually likes to ride bike to the office。

平时我们所说的用词多样化和地道并不是体现在这些时间副词或者是完全可以简化的啰嗦句型上,而是指实用性极强的词如动词和形容词,比如:

Original:Solving trivial problems in the dorm will add your social experience and help you to understand other people's feelings and learn to be kind。

Revised: Solving trivial problems in the dorm will enrich your social experience and help you to understand other people's feelings and learn to be considerate。

add,kind表达的含义都比较宽泛。 add可以指数量上的增加,也可以指程度的加强,对于“丰富经验、增加知识”这个意思,用enrich会使表达更准确。

kind从字面意义上讲是“好的、善良的”, 厦门托福 用kind来形容人无法具体地表现出一个人的性格特征到底怎样,原句中是想表达“考虑周到、体贴入微”的特点,要准确表达这个含义应选择considerate。

另外,我们常见的一些累赘用词表现在句意的理解上。

比如:He has had many years of (actual) experience in business。他有多年经商的经验。

actual是多余的,因为experience已经有actual的意味了。

We assembled(together) all the parts for our 我们装好收音机的零件。

assemble本身就有together的意思,因此together是多余的。

二、平等相处原则

“平等相处原则”的意思是行文不出现明显的带歧视或偏见的字眼,包括男女性别,也要避免区别,以示“平等”。

例如:Many businessmen(businesswomen) feel their jobs are very 许多商人觉得工作压力很大。

这句话写 businessmen或是businesswomen都是不妥当的,可以改为 business people或 business executives或business managers就可以包括男女了。

当然,一些带有种族偏见的字眼,甚至有侮辱的味道(insulting words 或 slur),也要尽量避免使用,以免闹出麻烦。例如:

对黑人不要用 Negro,更不能用Nigger(用 Black 还可以),礼貌的说法 是Afro-American 或African-American;对白人不要用Honky(这是黑人骂白人的用字),正确用法是 Caucasian,或 white people;对犹太人不要用 Hymies,应该叫Jewish 或 Jewishpeople;对越南人不要用 Gook,要用 Vietnamese;至于墨西哥人、西班牙人及中、南美洲人,包括 Puerto Rico,正确的用法多是Hispanics 或 Latins,不过据说西班牙人为了维护自己的文化,倒喜欢别人称Spaniard。


写作形式(3)

第一种托福作文格式

Introduction

Background+ My Opinion / Layout

Body:

Opinion One/ Advantage

Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences

Opinion Two/ Disadvantage

Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences

+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences

Conclusion:

Statement of My Opinion (for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages)

此类结构是双边倾向性结构,是双边结构中的一种。对大多数中国学生来说,双边结构较单边结构最大的优点是论证过程比较容易扩展。双边论证指正文两段分别论述下两个观点或优缺点。

可以做一个有趣的比喻,托福写作中双边论证的结构就像是在打一场官司,引言段引出话题,可以看作是书记员来宣布审理的案件,正文两段分别是两个观点,可以理解为被告和原告的辩护律师来列举对自己有利的证据,结尾段得出观点,即法官在总结了被告原告律师的发言后,得出自己的答案,同意哪一方,是否定罪。

第二种托福写作格式

Introduction

Background+My Opinion

Body:

One + Supportiong Sentences(ss表示)

Two + SS

Three + SS

Conclusion:

Restatement of My Opinion

上述结构中的supporting sentences在议论文中的体现方式是一些论证方法,如举例子(exemplification),对比对照(contrast& comparison),列数据(raising figures),让步(making concession)等来对自己支持的观点进行论证,使考官信服。


写作形式(4)

一、一边倒开头:

引用他人相反观点转折:

People live in the They plan for and worry about the History, however, is the study of the Some people might ask, "Given all the demands that press in from living in the present and anticipating what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the desirable and available branches of knowledge, why urge many students to study even more history than they are required to?" However, it's undeniable that learning about past has its value, it will help us comprehend people and societies, and it will help us accommodate change and forecast how the society we live in came to

模板:

陈述事实,however, __×坏的原因

Some people might “ Given all the demands that __×, why bother with _×? Given all the desirable and available __, why urge the children”

However, it is undeniable that _× have its value, it will _×子优点_×, and it will __×子优点__×.

二、一边结尾:

Consider ___,____ and ___, we can definitely say that;

三、 两边倒开头:(严肃型)

严肃型

Art and science are essentially a strange Yet more often than not, they are considered as divergent(叉开的) rather than consistent with each other:The artist employs image and metaphor(隐喻); the scientist uses number and These two fields seem to have little in common: there are few, if any, references to art in any standard textbook of science; art historians rarely interpret an artist's work in light of the conceptual framework of Despite what appear to be irreconcilable(不能妥协的) differences, however, they do have at least one thing in common—both of them have significant contribution to the society, but through probably distinctive

模板:

_are essential a stranger Yet more often than not, they are considered as the divergent rather than consist with each other;

× employs _;_ use _×, these two fields seem to have little in common: _×举例子__;

Despite what appear to be irreconcilable, however, they do have at least one thing in common—both of them have significant contribution to the society, but through probably distinctive way

一般型:

Skyscrapers are becoming standards of metropolis from North America to East In the process, historic buildings are making room for the seemingly unstoppable advancement of Generally, modifications occur in faces of those global At the same time city planners are facing the stern pressure about conserving traditional cultures through preserving conventional Sustaining the cultural architecture or replacing them with modern ones, the final decision should depend on a thorough analysis of the specific situation at hand, as there are intense arguments for either

模板:

___are becoming ___ from North America to East

In the process, ___子___ Generally,___由___ At the same time, __理由___

Sustaining ___or replacing them with ___ the final decision should depend on a thorough analysis of the specific situation at hand, because there are intense arguments for either

四、 两边倒结尾:

严肃型的:

However, it's been said that there is no science without fancy and no art without Scientists share parallel view of space, time and light, something else with Not only are art and science interrelated with each other but they also contribute to each other in various Therefore, it is simply partial to say that either one contributes more to the society than another

模板:

However, it’s been said that there is no __without __ and no __ without Scientists share parallel view of space, time and light, something else with

Not only are __ and __ interrelated with each other but they also contribute to each other in various

Therefore, it is simply partial to say that either one contributes more to the society than another

通用型:(重要)

As to which source is more important, the answers As mentioned above, some knowledge can be acquired only through It's hard to imagine we can have a comprehensive understanding of history without reading On the other hand, some knowledge can be obtained only through When we try to learn to swim, merely a detailed manual of swimming skills, even abundantly filled with illustrations, is at most We have to jump into the water and then gain the knowledge with In most time, we have to use books and experience as source simultaneously to get what we want to Take learning physics for example, theory from the books, experience from the experiments they are both equally significant Therefore, I think whether one source is more important than the other depends on

模板:

As to which source is more important, the answers

As mentioned above, ___an be acquired only through It's hard to imagine×__例子___; On the other hand, ___can be obtained only through When we try to ___子___ In most time, we have to use ___simultaneously to get what we want to know, Take learning physics for example,__子__

Therefore, I think whether one source is more important than the other depends on

五、一般通用性开头结尾:

Many people believe that it is significant to add physical activities as part of a teenagers’ everyday curriculum at Others disagree, arguing that students should focus their valuable but limited bloom on academic Personally, I believe that physical education is a vital part of an education as it instructs children of methods to take care of their bodies, render the spirits about how to work in a team, and provides a path for releasing tension and

模板:

Many people believe that it is significant to do ___ Others disagree, arguing that __理由___ Personally, I believe that __点__ __由一__ __由二__ __


写作形式(5)

托福写作里包括两块:一个是独立写作一个是综合写作。对于独立写作来讲,从早期PPT托福考试一直延续下来的形式,这个形式大家比较熟悉,包括思路和写作材料,需要我们关注的有几点,第一个Well Organized&Well Developed,怎么样让文章结构写的完整,而且把你的观点阐述清楚。大家在写的过程中可能Developed过程是特别重要的,你平时阅读的时候要特别注意。

第二个是Appropriate Word Choice,就是你怎么样把这个词用对,写出来一句话你要让阅卷者完成阅读并且完成理解如果你用一个说法以前没有人用过,这个时候他看了也不知道是什么意思,如果我们第二语言学英语的时候,就像英语是第一母语学汉语的时候犯的错误是一样的。

第三个Cohesive&Coherent,主要是在语言论述和阐述过程中的问题,托福的作文写的是议论文,不是小说也不是散文,所以在这个过程当中如何让文章结构变得严谨,这是重要的过程,你怎么样让它实现完整的论文结构,所以老师会告诉大家怎么样实现。另外在描述的过程中需要保持语言的连贯,第一个是逻辑的连贯性,逻辑是不是一致的,有没有出现冲突。第二是语意上的连贯。

第四个Variety of Language Use你需要一种语言变化,平时在写作文的时候会有一个问题,写任何一个东西的时候我可能想脑子里信出来的表述方式非常有限,所以导致一讲Said你就听不明白了,对于语言的变化并不是要去炫,而是要你的语言表述有一种特征,向考官表明你能自由驾驭一种语言,这也是托福考试本的核心和目的。

第二个综合写作,第一个No Attitude of the author,独立写作是你自己的想法,综合写作一定不能有自己的想法,你要看别人的东西,第二个就是Completely repeated Points必须完整复述你听到、看到的东西,你在写的时候不能漏掉听到和看到的。第三个Parophrase我们在大学上课的时候需要看教科书、讲义,听教授讲课,同时要做笔记,同时还要有自己的理解。可能课后老师要你完成一个作业,托福考试在这点上把所有的练习都放在一个环境当中,通过阅读也好、写作也好会对你自身在美国的学习打下非常好的基础。


写作形式(6)

【插图】

there are a great many beautiful and delicate pictures to illustrate the words and make it more With those wonderful pictures, learning can be real fun and easy!

【环境优美】

The amazing part is its picturesque view and enjoyable Having a walk beside the lake and rockery, I can smell the fragrance of grass and the flowers, hear the cries of the birds and feel the bracing breeze on my

【学习英语】

With the language surroundings, it’ll be easy for me to polish my speaking and listening can render me a good opportunity to practice my English, and eventually put me in a favorable position in the upcoming

【勇敢】

You’ve got to have faith and courage; the only thing we have to fear is fear In this rapid developing society, if we’re easily freaked out by various challenges, then there’s no way we can

【放松】

It drives away my lassitude and helps me relax and relieve the pressure from work and What’s more? It even puts me in a better mood and wards off the depression and pessimism .

【好笑】

The scene is extremely hilarious and funny and make me Laugh can definitely drive away my lassitude and helps me relax and relieve the pressure from work and What’s more? It even puts me in a better mood and wards off the depression and pessimism .

【结交朋友】

I would be able to make friends with those who share the same love for Perhaps we can have a little We can talk, laugh, I mean, exchange our ideas and share our We all feel like one big

【榜样作用】

Since he is the role model for us, heneeds to speak and behave appropriately, in order to set a good example for No one can deny that a good example can exert an profound influence on the

【守信】

He is a man of his word and he never breaks his I remember once I asked him to pick up my cousin when I couldn’t come He did so even though he had caught a bad I said thanks and sorry but he said it’s ok because he promised It is the characteristic of keeping faith enabled him to win my complete

【热心】

He is very Whenever you are in trouble, he is always the first one who comes up and gives you the shirt off his Once my computer was attacked by Trojan horse, it is him who spent four hours to help me get rid of

【善于表达】

He should be expressive to convey his ideas effectively and He is supposed to speak loud and clear and be able to put difficult things in a way that is easy to Only in this way can we fully comprehend his idea and better do our own

【体贴】

He is considerate and shows much care and concern about He is always trying to look at things from your angle and not to hurt you or upset For example, knowing that I am taking a nap or reading books, he would turn down the volume of the CD

【节约时间】

It’s such a time In this fast-paced society, we all do our utmost to keep up with With the time it saves for us, we can do various meaningful things thus make the most of precious time which elapses every second

【避免堵车】

Since there is no traffic jam in subway lines, passengers can perfectly avoid the unpleasant traffic On one hand, it saves us time, on the other hand it’ll make it easier for us to make plans and In contrast, other vehicles running on the roads and streets are extremely subject to traffic

【覆盖面广】

The subway system cover almost all the major parts of the cities, stations can be seen So it would be more convenient to go out by



写作形式(7)

第一部分为限时25分钟的议论文写作,虽然没有具体字数要求,但参照官方所给出的样卷,需填满一张半大小的 A4纸,字数大约在500左右也可能更多。

这样的考试形式主要考验学生在压力下完成就某一日常话题给出观点并用各种具体论证手段加以支持分析的能力。在这种情况下产出的论文,考试方将其归为写作者的初稿。因此,一些不影响读者理解的语法错误通常被认作笔误,有别于雅思写作对语法准确性的严格要求,这一点和新托福对于初稿的强调十分相似。

那么常考的话题有哪些呢?由于SAT是针对高中生的考试,因此写作话题不需要任何单项的专业背景知识,但话题涉及范围非常广泛,包括文学,艺术,运动,政治,技术,科学,历史及时事。每一个话题并不只有一个正确的答案或观点,考试方注重考察考生是否具备就某个特定话题进行展开而不偏题的能力。

在文体要求上,更体现了SAT的弹性,不同于雅思写作,SAT写作的文体可以是记叙文,说明文或议论文,而文章也不会只是由于分段问题而被扣分。对于考试方而言,更看重的是考生是否能对一个观点进行生动透彻的阐述及所做出的论证是否有效有力。