高血压 hypertension

高血压 hypertension

Definition

定义

Hypertension, or "high blood pressure", is defined as a reading of 140/90 on three consecutive measurements at least six hours apart. The definition varies for pregnant women, where hypertension is defined as 140/90 on two consecutive measurements six hours apart.

高血压的定义是：连续三次测量结果140/90，每次间隔至少6小时。妊娠妇女有所不同，其测量结果为连续两次140/90，间隔6小时。

Types

分类

Hypertension is classified as either primary (or essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension has no specific origin but is strongly associated with lifestyle. Primary hypertension is responsible for 90 to 95 percent of diagnosed hypertension while secondary hypertension for 5 to 10 percent. Secondary hypertension is caused by a preexisting medical condition such as congestive heart failure, kidney failure, liver failure, or damage to the endocrine (hormone) system. Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) may appear in otherwise healthy women after the twentieth week of pregnancy. It is more likely to occur in women who are overweight or obese. However, understanding of the categories of blood pressure may be of some help: normal - Less than 120/80; prehypertension - 120-139/80-89; Stage 1 hypertension - 140-159/90-99; Stage 2 hypertension - 160 and above/100 and above.

高血压分原发性和继发性两种。原发性高血压无特定起因，它与生活方式关系密切。原发性高血压在已确诊病例中所占的比例为90－95%，继发性为5－10%。继发性高血压是由疾病引起的，如充血性心力衰竭、肾衰、肝衰或内分泌（激素）系统受损。怀孕第二十周的健康妇女可出现妊娠性高血压（PIH），超重或肥胖妇女得PIH的可能性更大。了解血压类型可能对你会有所帮助：正常－120/80，超常高值－120-139/80-89，1级高血压－140-159/90-99，2级高血压－160及以上/100及以上。

Causes

病因

The exact causes of hypertension unknown, several factors and conditions may play a role in its development, including: smoking, being overweight, lack of physical activity, too much salt in the diet, too much alcohol consumption (no more than 1 to 2 drinks per day), stress, older age, genetics, family history of high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, adrenal and thyroid disorders.

高血压确切病因未知，但有些因素和疾病对高血压形成有关，如：吸烟、体重超重、缺少体力活动、摄盐过多、饮酒过多、紧张、年老、遗传、家族史、慢性肾脏疾病、肾上腺和甲状腺疾病等。

Symptoms

症状

Nearly one-third of those who have hypertension don't know it. The only way to know if you have hypertension definitely is to have your blood pressure checked. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, including: severe headache, fatigue or confusion, vision problems, chest pain, difficulty breathing, irregular heartbeat, blood in the urine,

近1/3高血压患者不知道自己有高血压。知道自己有高血压的唯一途径是血压检查。如果血压特高，有些病症就应引起注意：剧烈头痛、疲劳或意识模糊、视力出现问题、胸痛、呼吸困难、心跳不规则和血尿等。

Population at Risk

高危人群

Hypertension is very common, especially in elderly patients. It is difficult to determine its exact incidence. In younger patients, hypertension is more common in men but in elderly populations the ratio is reversed in favour of women. The incidence of hypertension increases progressively with age. Generally, the population will be more at risk of developing hypertension: people with family members who have high blood pressure, people who smoke, African-Americans, women who are pregnant, women who take birth control pills, people over the age of 35, people who are overweight or obese, people who are not active, people who drink alcohol excessively, and people who eat too many fatty foods or foods with too much salt.

高血压很常见，尤其是老人，所以，确切的发病率较难确定。年轻病人以男性较多，老年人则偏向女性。高血压发病率可随年龄增长而增加。一般说来，高血压危险较高的人群有：家族中有高血压者、吸烟者、非裔美洲人、妊娠妇女、服用避孕药妇女、35岁以上、超重或肥胖者、不活动者、过量饮酒者、及过多食用高脂和高盐食物者。

Outcomes

后果

Hypertension is a serious condition that can damage the heart and blood vessels, and can eventually lead to several other conditions, including: stroke, heart failure, heart attack, kidney failure, and vision problems.

高血压是一种严重的疾病，可以破坏心脏和血管，并最终导致多种疾病的发生：中风、心力衰竭、心脏病发作、肾衰和视力疾病。

Treatments

治疗

Hypertension is typically treated by making changes in your lifestyle, and with drug therapy. Lifestyle changes include losing weight, stopping smoking, eating a healthy diet (such as the DASH diet, which includes lowering sodium but including daily servings of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods), and getting enough exercise, especially aerobic exercise. Several types of drugs are available to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (i.e., Nifedipine, Atenolol, Candesartan cilexetil, Irbesartan, Pindolol, Captopril, Oxprenolol hydrochloride, Losartan potassium, Propranolol hydrochloride, Carvedilol, Felodipine, Frusemide, Diltiazem hydrochloride, Hydrochlorothiazide, Irbesartan, Metoprolol tartrate, Telmisartan, Fosinopril sodium, Amlodipine besylate, Olmesartan, Ramipril, Spironolactone, Eprosartan mesylate).

治疗高血压主要是通过改变生活方式及药物疗法。改变生活方式包括减轻体重、戒烟、健康饮食（DASH饮食，即减少钠的摄入，在日场饮食中多吃水果、蔬菜和全粮食品）和多运动，尤其是有氧运动。治疗高血压的药物包括肾上腺皮质抑制剂、血管紧张素受体阻断剂、利尿剂、β阻断剂、钙通道阻断剂(如硝苯地平、阿替洛尔、坎地沙坦西脂、依贝沙坦、吲哚洛尔、卡托普利、盐酸心得平、洛沙坦、盐酸普萘洛尔、卡维地洛、非洛地平、呋塞米、盐酸地尔硫卓、氢氯噻嗪 、依贝沙坦、美托洛尔、替米沙坦、福辛普利钠、氨氯地平、奥美 沙坦、雷米普利、螺内酯、依普罗沙坦)。