高考英语专题三阅读理解高考命题17科普知识类题

2019年高考英语专题三阅读理解高考命题17科普知识类精选题本文简介：科普知识类A(2018·湖南师大附中高考模拟卷)“Educationalresearchers,politicalscientistsandeconomistsareincreasinglyinterestedinthecharacteristicsandskillsthatparents,teac

2019年高考英语专题三阅读理解高考命题17科普知识类精选题本文内容：

科普知识类

A

(2018·湖南师大附中高考模拟卷)“Educational

researchers,political

scientists

and

economists

are

increasingly

interested

in

the

characteristics

and

skills

that

parents,teachers

and

schools

should

foster

in

children

to

increase

chances

of

success

later

in

life，”

said

lead

author

Marion

Spengler,PhD

of

the

University

of

Tubingen.

“Our

research

found

that

specific

behaviors

in

high

school

have

long-lasting

effects

for

one

s

later

life.”

Spengler

and

her

co-authors

analyzed

data

collected

by

the

American

Institutes

for

Research

from

346,660

U．S.

high

school

students

in

1960,along

with

follow-up

data

from

81,912

of

those

students

11

years

later

and

1,952

of

them

50

years

later.

The

initial

high

school

phase

measured

a

variety

of

student

behaviors

and

attitudes

as

well

as

personality

characteristics,cognitive

abilities,parental

socioeconomic

status

and

demographic(人口统计的)factors.

The

follow-up

surveys

measured

overall

educational

attainment,income

and

occupational

prestige(声望)．

Being

a

responsible

student,showing

an

interest

in

school

and

having

fewer

problems

with

reading

and

writing

were

all

significantly

associated

with

greater

educational

attainment

and

finding

a

more

prestigious

job

both

11

years

and

50

years

after

high

school.

These

factors

were

also

all

associated

with

higher

income

at

the

50-year

mark.

Most

effects

remained

even

when

researchers

controlled

parental

socioeconomic

status,cognitive

ability

and

other

broad

personality

characteristics

such

as

conscientiousness.

While

the

findings

weren

t

necessarily

surprising,Spengler

noted

how

reliably

specific

behaviors

people

showed

in

school

were

able

to

predict

later

success.

Further

analysis

of

the

data

suggested

that

much

of

the

effect

could

be

explained

by

overall

educational

achievements,according

to

Spengler.

“Student

characteristics

and

behaviors

were

rewarded

in

high

school

and

led

to

higher

educational

attainment,which

in

turn

was

related

to

greater

occupational

prestige

and

income

later

in

life，”

she

said.

“This

study

highlights

the

possibility

that

certain

behaviors

at

crucial

periods

could

have

long-term

consequences

for

a

person

s

life.”

1．What

s

the

finding

of

Marion

Spengler

s

research?

A．Teachers

play

a

decisive

role

in

students

later

success.

B．Personality

characteristics

are

more

important

than

academic

perances.

C．Higher

educational

attainment

has

little

to

do

with

occupational

prestige.

D．Behaviors

in

the

high

school

should

be

highly

stressed.

2．Which

is

TRUE

about

the

research?

A．The

research

was

conducted

among

totally

different

people

during

different

periods.

B．The

research

was

based

on

the

data

collected

from

1960

to

2010.

C．More

people

were

involved

in

the

follow-up

surveys.

D．The

initial

high

school

phase

measured

attitudes

only.

3．What

is

likely

to

contribute

to

later

success

according

to

the

research?

A．Parental

socioeconomic

status.

B．Overall

educational

achievements.

C．Cognitive

ability.

D．Hard

work.

4．Why

did

the

researchers

control

some

factors

like

parental

socioeconomic

status?

A．To

avoid

the

previous

mistakes.

B．To

highlight

the

effects

of

certain

specific

behaviors.

C．To

draw

an

immediate

conclusion.

D．To

hide

some

negative

findings.

答案：【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，中学时期的某些特定行为会对以后的生活有长期影响。

1．D

解析：推理判断题。由第一段中的“‘Our

research

found

that

specific

behaviors

in

high

school

have

long-lasting

effects

for

one

s

later

life.’”可知Marion

Spengler的研究发现学生在中学的行为对以后的生活有长期影响，应该被高度重视，故选D项。

2．B

解析：细节理解题。由第二段中的“Spengler

and

her

co-authors

analyzed

data

collected

by

the

American

Institutes

for

Research

from

346,660

U．S.

high

school

students

in

1960,along

with

follow-up

data

from

81,912

of

those

students

11

years

later

and

1,952

of

them

50

years

later.”可知这次研究是基于1960年到2010年的数据，故选B项。

3．B

解析：细节理解题。由第五段可知整体的教育成就更可能有助于后来的成功，故选B项。

4．B

解析：推理判断题。由第三段中的“Most

effects

remained

even

when

researchers

controlled

parental

socioeconomic

status,cognitive

ability

and

other

broad

personality

characteristics

such

as

conscientiousness.”以及最后一段中的“‘This

study

highlights

the

possibility

that

certain

behaviors

at

crucial

periods

could

have

long-term

consequences

for

a

person

s

life.’”可知为了强调特定行为的影响，研究人员控制了一些因素像父母经济地位，故选B项。

B

(2018·广东佛山高三质检)Scientists

have

identified

the

order

of

the

gene

of

the

giraffe

for

the

first

time

to

help

explain

how

the

tallest

animals

on

earth

developed

their

remarkably

long

necks.

Being

a

giraffe

is

not

easy.

To

pump

blood

two

meters

up

from

the

chest

to

the

brain

calls

for

a

powerful

heart

and

twice

the

blood

pressure

of

other

mammals.

Giraffes

also

need

special

safety

system

to

let

them

bend

down

for

a

drink

and

raise

their

heads

again

without

feeling

dizzy.

The

animals

unique

body

structure

has

long

been

a

puzzle

for

biologists,including

Charles

Darwin.

Now,by

comparing

the

gene

of

the

giraffe

with

that

of

its

closest

relative,the

short-necked

okapi,scientists

have

solved

part

of

the

puzzle

by

studying

changes

in

a

small

number

of

genes

responsible

both

for

regulating

body

shape

and

circulation.

This

suggests

that

the

development

of

a

long

neck

and

a

powerful

heart

went

hand

in

hand,driven

by

a

relatively

small

number

of

genetic

changes.

The

interpretation

of

the

genetic

factors

behind

the

giraffe

s

remarkable

heart

system

could

also

be

instructive

for

human

health,since

the

animals

appear

to

avoid

the

kind

of

organ

damage

often

found

in

people

with

high

blood

pressure.

The

more

fundamental

question

of

why

giraffes

developed

their

long

necks

remains

open,however.

The

apparently

self-evident

idea

that

it

was

to

reach

ever-higher

food

supplies

has

been

challenged

in

the

past

20

years

by

a

competing

belief

that

it

is

actually

due

to

competition

among

fighting

males

for

females.

Unlike

long-necked

birds,which

have

additional

vertebrae(椎骨),giraffes

have

the

same

seven

vertebrae

found

in

all

mammals,although

theirs

are

greatly

extended.

1.A

strong

heart

is

very

important

for

a

giraffe

because

it

________.

A．pumps

blood

to

the

brain

high

above

its

body

B．keeps

the

blood

pressure

at

a

normal

level

C．helps

the

giraffe

find

a

drink

at

lower

places

D．keeps

the

giraffe

safe

in

different

environments

2．Scientists

compare

the

gene

of

the

giraffe

with

that

of

the

short-necked

okapi

because

the

latter

________.

A．has

a

quite

special

body

structure

B．is

a

puzzle

worth

further

study

C．is

in

the

same

family

as

the

giraffe

D．has

gone

through

few

genetic

changes

3．Which

possibly

caused

the

giraffe

to

develop

a

long

neck?

A．Its

favorite

food

at

high

places.

B．Its

attempts

to

attract

females.

C．Its

need

to

avoid

organ

damage.

D．Its

greatly

extended

vertebrae.

4．What

s

the

author

s

purpose

of

writing

this

passage?

A．To

introduce

a

new

finding

of

science.

B．To

explain

genetic

changes

in

animals.

C．To

describe

giraffes

body

structure.

D．To

challenge

a

belief

of

twenty

years.

答案：【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家第一次确定了长颈鹿的基因序列，这有助于解释长颈鹿是怎样长出长脖子的。

1．A

解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“To

pump

blood

two

meters

up

from

the

chest

to

the

brain

calls

for

a

powerful

heart

and

twice

the

blood

pressure

of

other

mammals.”可知，对于长颈鹿来说一颗强大的心脏很重要，因为从心脏把血液输送到头部要上升两米的高度，血压是其他哺乳动物的两倍。

2．C

解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知，短脖子的霍加狓与长脖子的长颈鹿有着最亲近的亲缘关系，但是它们形体差别却很大，比较两者的基因可以更好地了解长颈鹿的基因，由此可以推断出，科学家选择霍加狓是因为它们属于同一科(in

the

same

family)。

3．B

解析：细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句中的“by

a

competing

belief

that

it

is

actually

due

to

competition

among

fighting

males

for

females”可知，人们认为长颈鹿的长脖子的形成是因为雄性长颈鹿会通过决斗来争夺雌性。

4．A

解析：写作意图题。根据文章结构可知，第一段是文章的中心段。科学家第一次确定了长颈鹿的基因序列，更好地解释了长颈鹿是怎么样长出长脖子的。由此可以推断出本文的目的是介绍这个新的科学发现。